Sentence and its kinds

 

Sentence and its kinds/types वाक्य आणि त्याचे प्रकार

Definition:  A sentence is a word or group of words that must expresses a complete idea or sense or meaning and that may consists of a subject and a verb.

Also it may have an object or a complement and the words must be order properly.

जो शब्द किंवा वाक्प्रचार त्याचा संपूर्ण अर्थ व्यक्त करतो आणि सामान्यतः क्रियापद आणि क्रियापदांनी बनलेला असतो त्याला वाक्य म्हणतात.                                                                  

Example:  We practice English every day. (Here we is subject, practice is a verb, English is an object and every day is an adverb)

Basically, there are two parts of a sentence:   (वाक्यात मुळात दोन भाग असतात)

Subject: A subject of a sentence is a person or thing about which something is said or written.                                                                                                                    

ज्या व्यक्ती किंवा वस्तूबद्दल काही बोलले जाते किंवा लिहिले जाते त्याला subject असे म्हणतात.

Predicate: Athe Predicate that says what the Subject does.                                                

विषय किंवा विषयाबद्दल जे सांगितले जाते किंवा केले जाते किंवा लिहिले जाते त्याला predicate म्हणतात.                                                                                                                         

In the above example ‘We’ is the subject and ‘practice English every day is Predicate. 

A sentence usually starts with a subject and then a predicate comes.

N. B.: In some cases order, advice, or request subject is not mentioned. It is understood.

Example: 

 - (You) keep quiet.      

 - (You) Take care of your health.   

 - (I)thankyou.       

And sometimes the sentence starts with the predicate and then the subject comes.                                                                                                                             

Example:

- Long live Bangladesh   

- Down went theTitanic. 

Kinds of Sentence:

The sentence can be classified into five categories according to the meaning or functions.                                                                                                                         इंग्रजीतील वाक्ये हि अर्थाने  किंवा कार्याच्या आधारावर पाच भागांमध्ये विभागली जाऊ शकतात.
They are:-

1. Assertive Sentence 2. Interrogative Sentence 3. Imperative Sentence

4. Optative Sentence 5. Exclamatory Sentence

1. Assertive Sentence

An assertive sentence is a simple/general statement or assertion, either affirmative or negative.

सामान्य विधान किंवा विधानाला assertive sentence म्हणतात.

Pattern: Subject + verb + object/complement/adverb/adjective
Example:
-English is an International Language. (Affirmative)
-We do not do bad things. (Negative)
-Everybody should know English. (Modal auxiliaries)

 2. Interrogative Sentence

An interrogative sentence asks question about a person or things. It always ends with a note of interrogation question mark (?).

प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य हे एखाद्या व्यक्तीबद्दल किंवा वस्तूबद्दल प्रश्न विचारते. हे नेहमी प्रश्नचिन्हाने समाप्त होते (?).

There are two ways to form an interrogative sentence.

I. Beginning with helping verbs (am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had) or modal auxiliaries (shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, etc.).
Example:
- Do you have your assignment ready?
- Does he speak English?
- Did she work abroad?
- Should I go there?
- Can you hear the sound?
- Don’t you want any food? (Negative)

 

 II. Beginning with some specific words like who, which, what, when, where, why, how, whom, how much, how many, etc. [These are known as ‘WH’ questions.]

Example:
- How is your business going on?
- Who fixed the computer?
- Whom do you support?
- What are you expecting from me?
- What time is it now?
- How many people have died there?

 3. Imperative Sentence

A sentence that expresses a request, command, order, advice, suggestion, etc. is an imperative sentence.
In an imperative sentence, the subject is usually unexpressed; it is understood rather.

Pattern: Subject (Invisible) + verb + object / where
Example:
- Take care of yourself.
- Give me the pen.
- Do it now.
- Be honest.
- Come here
- Never tell a lie
- Do not laugh at other's helplessness.
- Let him go there.

Caution: You must do your duty. (It is an assertive sentence, not an imperative sentence.)

 4. Optative Sentence

Wish, desire, prayer, etc. are expressed by the Optative sentence.

Pattern: May + Assertive.
Example:
- May you live long.
- May Allah bless you.
- Wish you all the best.
- Long live Bangladesh. (Can be formed without ‘may’)

5. Exclamatory Sentence

Exclamatory is a sentence which expresses strong/sudden feeling or emotion like surprise, pain, delight, anger, disgust, etc.

Pattern: Alas/ Hurrah/ Bravo/ What/ How etc. + Others
Example:
- Hurrah! Our cricket team has won the series.
- Alas! He has failed the competition.
- Bravo! You have done a great job.
- What a talented girl she is!
- How sweetly the cuckoo sings!
- What a wonderful land Bangladesh is!
- Were I a Super Hero!
- What a pity!
- Fantastic!
- What an idea!
- Put that down now!
- Leave the package at the door.
- Walk softly, please.

 

Structure of a Sentence:

According to structure, sentences are of three types.
I. Simple Sentence.
II. Complex Sentence.
III. Compound Sentence.

I. Simple Sentence:

Simple sentence is structured with only one subject and one finite verb. Simple sentence has only one independent clause.

Pattern: Subject + finite verb + complement
Exmaple:-

-   Bangladesh is a populated country

- Life is not a bed of roses

- Human is the superior in this planet.

II. Compound Sentence:

A sentence having more than one principal clauses, linked by one or more coordinating conjunctions, preceded by a comma, is called compound sentence.

Conjunctions that are used in compound sentences are and, but, or, for, nor, also, however, moreover, thus, so, therefore, else, still, as well as, accordingly, otherwise, yet, not yet, but also, either or, neither nor, on the contrary, etc.

Example:
- Respect others, and others will respect you.
- He loves us, but he does not show it.

III. Complex Sentence:

A sentence consisting of one principal clause and one or more subordinate clause(s) is a complex sentence.

 Example: - If you work hard, you will shine in life. (Here, ‘if you work hard is a sub-ordinate clause, and ‘you will shine in life’ is main or principal clause.)

Sub-ordinate clause begins with conjunctions like who, which, that, when, how, where, while, if, whether, because, since, as, though, although, till, until, unless, before, after, so that, whenever, wherever, whoever, whatever, etc.

Example:-

-    I know where he lives.

- I do not know what his name is.

- While there is life there is hope.

- We eat so that we can survive.